Eulalia valldosera biography of christopher columbus

Rather than sailing east, he hoped that sailing west would lead to countries like Japan and China. To gain the necessary funding and support for his journeys, he approached the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The Spanish monarchs agreed to fund Columbus, partly on the Christian missionary efforts, but also hoping to gain an upper hand in the lucrative trade markets.

One advantage of the westward exploration is that it avoided conflict with the growing power of the Ottomans in the east. A map fromwith the perceived geography of the world in yellow superimposed on actual land. He had intended to sail to Japan but ended up in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador. Landing of Columbus 12 Octoberpainting by John Vanderlyn.

Columbus made a total of four journeys, where he sailed extensively around the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas and also to the mainland, to places such as Panama. Columbus was not the first person to reach America. Previous successful voyages included a Norse expedition led by Leif Ericson. He had a second son, Fernando, who was born out of wedlock in with Beatriz Enriquez de Arana.

After participating in several other expeditions to Africa, Columbus learned about the Atlantic currents that flow east and west from the Canary Islands. The Asian islands near China and India were fabled for their spices and gold, making them an attractive destination for Europeans—but Muslim domination of the trade routes through the Middle East made travel eastward difficult.

Columbus devised a route to sail west across the Atlantic to reach Asia, believing it would be quicker and safer. He estimated the earth to be a sphere and the distance between the Canary Islands and Japan to be about 2, miles. Despite their disagreement with Columbus on matters of distance, they concurred that a westward voyage from Europe would be an uninterrupted water route.

Columbus proposed a three-ship voyage of discovery across the Atlantic first to the Portuguese king, then to Genoa, and finally to Venice. He was rejected each time. Their focus was on a war with the Muslims, and their nautical experts were skeptical, so they initially rejected Columbus. The idea, however, must have intrigued the monarchs, because they kept Columbus on a retainer.

Columbus continued to lobby the royal court, and soon, the Spanish army captured the last Muslim stronghold in Granada in January Shortly thereafter, the monarchs agreed to finance his expedition. On October 12,after 36 days of sailing westward across the Atlantic, Columbus and several crewmen set foot on an island in present-day Bahamas, claiming it for Spain.

There, his crew encountered a timid but friendly group of natives who were open to trade with the sailors. They exchanged glass beads, cotton balls, parrots, and spears. The Europeans also noticed bits of gold the natives wore for adornment. Columbus and his men continued their journey, visiting the islands of Cuba which he thought was mainland China and Hispaniola now Haiti and the Dominican Republic, which Columbus thought might be Japan and meeting with the leaders of the native population.

During this time, the Santa Maria was wrecked on a reef off the coast of Hispaniola. Thirty-nine men stayed behind to occupy the settlement. Convinced his exploration had reached Asia, he set sail for home with the two remaining ships. Returning to Spain inColumbus gave a glowing but somewhat exaggerated report and was warmly received by the royal court.

InColumbus took to the seas on his second expedition and explored more islands in the Caribbean Ocean. Upon arrival at Hispaniola, Columbus and his crew discovered the Navidad settlement had been destroyed with all the sailors massacred. This exchange involved not only the transfer of goods but also the sharing of cultures, ideas, and, unfortunately, diseases.

The arrival of Europeans led to the introduction of horses, wheat, and coffee to the Americas while crops like potatoes and corn became integral to European diets, significantly impacting agricultural practices on both sides of the Atlantic. However, the legacy of Columbus is complex and controversial. While his discoveries contributed to the rapid expansion of European power, they also resulted in significant suffering and destruction for Indigenous populations.

The introduction of Old World diseases like smallpox devastated native communities, effectively decimating their populations. As a result, the once vibrant cultures of Indigenous peoples were irrevocably altered, leading to loss of identity and heritage. This duality highlights how Columbus, often celebrated as a pioneering explorer, also stands as a symbol of eulalia valldosera biography of christopher columbus and colonization that irrevocably changed the world.

Christopher Columbus, originally known as Cristoforo Colombo, married Filipa Perestrelo in the late s while he was residing in Lisbon, Portugal. Filipa was the daughter of a prominent nobleman, and their union provided Columbus with valuable connections that might have aided his later expeditions. Together, they had one son, Diego, who was born around Tragically, Filipa passed away when Diego was still a child, which left Columbus to navigate his early fatherhood without her support.

Columbus eventually had a second son, Fernando, born inwith Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, a woman with whom he had a long-term relationship. Unlike Diego, who was recognized as Columbus's legitimate heir, Fernando's status was more complicated due to his illegitimate birth. Columbus's children played varying roles in his legacy; while Diego officially inherited many of Columbus's titles and fortunes, Fernando distanced himself from some of his father's controversial actions.

Together, these children contributed to Columbus's personal life story, reflecting both his ambitions as an explorer and the complexities of his family relationships. Christopher Columbus, while primarily known for his voyages, did not amass significant wealth from his explorations during his lifetime. Thinking back in spring to "the antiquities of New England," Cotton Mather came upon a crucial connection, as he saw it, between the voyage of Columbus two centuries before and the Puritans' Great Migration.

Considered together, the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the landing at San Salvador held the key to a great design. To begin with, Columbus's voyage was one of three shaping events of the modern age, all of which occurred in rapid succession at the turn of the sixteenth century: 1 " the Resurrection of Literature ", University Press of New England.

The Legacy of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. The Nation. NYU Press. Richard; Gregory, Stanley V. In Benke, Arthur C. Rivers of North America.

Eulalia valldosera biography of christopher columbus: Wolf Biermann, a poet,

Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura. World Digital Library. Retrieved 17 July University of Illinois Press. In Provenzo, Eugene F. World Archaeology. In King, John ed. The Wilson Quarterly. November — via Google Books. Cornell University Press. Italian Americana. History Today. The History Teacher. Alfred Crosby, a scholar with the mind of a scientist and the heart of a humanist.

He writes that "the major initial effect of the Columbian voyages was the transformation of America into a charnel house. In Jayasuriya, Shihan de S. The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. Africa World Press. Testimonies from the Columbian Lawsuits. When we speak today of the "legacy" of Christopher Columbus, we usually refer to the broadly historic consequences of his famous voyages, meaning the subsequent European conquest and colonization of the Americas.

Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 7 August Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on 26 February Retrieved 22 March Vintage Books. When referring to the conquest, Venezuelans tend to side with the original "Indians" inhabiting the eulalia valldosera biography of christopher columbus, even though "we" are generally careful to distinguish ourselves from them, and above all from their contemporary descendants.

This tactical identification suggests that the force of this rejoinder comes not just from the hold of the familiar—Columbus already discovered America, so what's new—but from the appeal of a more exclusive familiarity evoked by a shift of location — he only "discovered" it for Europe, not for "us". It is as if we viewed Columbus's arrival from two perspectives, his own, and that of the natives.

When we want to privilege "our" special viewpoint, we claim as ours the standpoint of the original Americans, the view not from the foreign ship but from our "native" land. An Introduction to Latin American Philosophy. American Literary History. Retrieved 8 February The encounter between two worlds is a fact that cannot be denied The word discovery gives prominence to the heroes of the enterprise; the word encounter gives more emphasis to the peoples who actually "encountered" each other and gave substance to a New World.

Whereas discovery marks a happening, an event, encounter conveys better the idea of the political journey that has brought us to the reality of today, spanning the five hundred years since These historical and political milestones are valuable because they relate the present to both the past and the future. It was inevitable that history written from a Eurocentric standpoint should speak in terms of discovery and it is equally inevitable that, as history has now come to be seen in universal terms, we should have adopted so evocative a term as encounter.

New York: Plume. Not So! New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 September Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and modern historians. New York: Praeger. European Images of the Americas and the Classical Tradition. Liverpool University Press. New York: W. Science, — Geodesy for the Layman Report 4th ed. United States Air Force.

This cycle of violence, intentionally created to maximize the extraction of wealth from the islands, in combination with the epidemic diseases that were running rampant through the Taino population, together promoted the genocide of the Taino people Therefore, at best, the theory that disease did the business of killing and not the invaders can only be seen as a gratuitous colonizer apologetic designed to absolve the guilt of the continued occupation and exploitation of the indigenous people of this continent.

However, the truth of the matter is much worse and should be called by its appropriate name: American holocaust denial. The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 August Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 September Social Justice. Retrieved 29 July The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus. NY: Penguin. Monthly Review Press. Retrieved 1 May In McCrank, Lawrence J.

Haworth Press. Atlantic Studies. Retrieved 29 March The New York Times. Retrieved 9 August The Ottawa Herald. Archived from the original on 24 May Retrieved 16 July LSU Press. PMC Harvard Gazette -US. Archived from the original on 23 December Retrieved 27 May Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. New York: Alfred A. London, England: Windmill Books.

Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 June Quaternary Science Reviews. Bibcode : QSRv. Public Opinion Quarterly. Christopher Columbus, Mariner. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Smallpox and its eradication. History of International Public Health.

Eulalia valldosera biography of christopher columbus: Eulàlia Grau; Eulalia Valldosera;

Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved 29 April Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. Retrieved 25 December The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Western Journal of Medicine. London, England: BMJ : 65— Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Wollongong, New South Wales: Elsevier : 13— While most of the other epidemics in history however were confined to a single pathogen and typically lasted for less than a decade, the Americas differed in that multiple pathogens caused multiple waves of virgin soil epidemics over more than a century.

Those who survived influenza, may later have succumbed to smallpox, while those who survived both, may then have caught a later wave of measles. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. The Journal of Navigation.

Eulalia valldosera biography of christopher columbus: Eulàlia Grau; Eulalia Valldosera; Eungie Joo;

Bibcode : JNav Archived from the original PDF on 5 July Retrieved 4 July Mexico City,book 1, chapter 2, Of Columbus, too, none of the familiarly reproduced portraits is thought to have been made in his lifetime. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. University of Texas Press. Renaissance Quarterly. Bergreen, Lawrence Columbus: The Four Voyages, — Caballos, Estaban Mira Iberoamericana in Spanish.

Columbus, Christopher Major, Richard Henry ed. London: The Hakluyt Society. Columbus, Christopher; Toscanelli, Paolo []. Markham, Clements R. Columbus, Christopher []. Columbus, Ferdinand A History of the Life and Actions of Adm. A Collection of voyages and travels. London : Printed by assignment from Messrs. Churchill for John Walthoe Crosby, A.

Washington, D. Davidson, Miles H. Columbus then and now: a life reexamined. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Dyson, John Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press. Fuson, Robert H. International Marine Horwitz, Tony Joseph, Edward Lanzar History of Trinidad. Lopez, Barry The Rediscovery of North America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Morison, Samuel Eliot []. New York: Time. Murphy, Patrick J. Ostapkowicz, Joanna Phillips, William D. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Zinn, Howard []. A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins. Wikisource has original works by or about: Christopher Columbus. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christopher Columbus.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Christopher Columbus. Library resources about Christopher Columbus. Resources in your library Resources in other libraries. History of the Americas. Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories Christopher Columbus Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization.

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