David hume biography resumen en

In all cases, we must balance the opposite experiments Hume discusses the testimony of those who report miracles. He wrote that testimony might be doubted even from some great authority in case the facts themselves are not credible: "[T]he evidence, resulting from the testimony, admits of a diminution, greater or less, in proportion as the fact is more or less unusual.

Although Hume leaves open the possibility for miracles to occur and be reported, he offers various arguments against this ever having happened in history. Furthermore, people by nature enjoy relating miracles they have heard without caring for their veracity and thus miracles are easily transmitted david hume biography resumen en when false.

Also, Hume notes that miracles seem to occur mostly in "ignorant and barbarous nations" [ ] and times, and the reason they do not occur in the civilised societies is such societies are not awed by what they know to be natural events. Hume recognizes that over a long period of time, various coincidences can provide the appearance of intention. Finally, the miracles of each religion argue against all other religions and their miracles, and so even if a proportion of all reported miracles across the world fit Hume's requirement for belief, the miracles of each religion make the other less likely.

Hume was extremely pleased with his argument against miracles in his Enquiry. He states, "I flatter myself, that I have discovered an argument of a like nature, which, if just, will, with the wise and learned, be an everlasting check to all kinds of superstitious delusion, and consequently, will be useful as long as the world endures. It is a commonsense notion of veracity based upon epistemological evidence, and founded on a principle of rationality, proportionality and reasonability.

The criterion for assessing Hume's belief system is based on the balance of probability whether something is more likely than not to have occurred. Since the weight of empirical experience contradicts the notion for the existence of miracles, such accounts should be treated with scepticism. Further, the myriad of accounts of miracles contradict one another, as some people who receive miracles will aim to prove the authority of Jesus, whereas others will aim to prove the authority of Muhammad or some other religious prophet or deity.

These various differing accounts weaken the overall evidential power of miracles. Despite all this, Hume observes that belief in miracles is popular, and that "the gazing populace… receive greedily, without examination, whatever soothes superstition, and promotes wonder. Critics have argued that Hume's position assumes the character of miracles and natural laws prior to any specific examination of miracle claims, thus it amounts to a subtle form of begging the question.

To assume that testimony is a homogeneous reference group seems unwise- to compare private miracles with public miracles, unintellectual observers with intellectual observers and those who have little to gain and much to lose with those with much to gain and little to lose is not convincing to many. Indeed, many have argued that miracles not only do not contradict the laws of nature but require the laws of nature to be intelligible as miraculous, and thus subverting the law of nature.

For example, William Adams remarks that "there must be an ordinary course of nature before anything can be extraordinary. There must be a stream before anything can be interrupted. This, in Hume's philosophy, was especially problematic. Little appreciated is the voluminous literature either foreshadowing Hume, in the likes of Thomas Sherlock [ ] or directly responding to and engaging with Hume—from William Paley[ ] William Adams, [ ] John Douglas, [ ] John Leland[ ] and George Campbell[ ] among others.

Regarding the latter, it is rumoured that, having read Campbell's Dissertation, Hume remarked that "the Scotch theologue had beaten him. Hume's main argument concerning miracles is that miracles by definition are singular events that differ from the established laws of nature. Such natural laws are codified as a result of past experiences. Therefore, a miracle is a violation of all prior experience and thus incapable on this basis of reasonable belief.

However, the probability that something has occurred in contradiction of all past experience should always be judged to be less than the probability that either one's senses have deceived one, or the person recounting the miraculous occurrence is lying or mistaken, Hume would say, all of which he had past experience of. For Hume, this refusal to grant credence does not guarantee correctness.

He offers the example of an Indian Prince, who, having grown up in a hot country, refuses to believe that water has frozen. By Hume's lights, this refusal is not wrong and the prince "reasoned justly;" it is presumably only when he has had extensive experience of the freezing of water that he has warrant to believe that the event could occur.

So, for Hume, either the miraculous event will become a recurrent event or else it will never be rational to believe it occurred. The connection to religious belief is left unexplained throughout, except for the close of his discussion where Hume notes the reliance of Christianity upon testimony of miraculous occurrences. He makes an ironic remark that anyone who "is moved by faith to assent" to revealed testimony "is conscious of a continued miracle in his own person, which subverts all principles of his understanding, and gives him a determination to believe what is most contrary to custom and experience.

From to Hume published The History of Englanda six-volume work, that extends according to its subtitle "From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in He argued that the quest for liberty was the highest standard for judging the past, and concluded that after considerable fluctuation, England at the time of his writing had achieved "the most entire system of liberty that was ever known amongst mankind".

In its own day, moreover, it was an innovation, soaring high above its very few predecessors. In this work, Hume uses history to tell the story of the rise of England and what led to its greatness and the disastrous effects that religion has had on its progress. For Hume, the history of England's rise may give a template for others who would also like to rise to its current greatness.

Hume's The History of England was profoundly impacted by his Scottish background. The science of sociology, which is rooted in Scottish thinking of the eighteenth century, had never before been applied to British philosophical history. Because of his Scottish background, Hume was able to bring an outsider's lens to English history that the insulated English whigs lacked.

Hume's coverage of the political upheavals of the 17th century relied in large part on the Earl of Clarendon 's History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England — Generally, Hume took a david hume biography resumen en royalist position and considered revolution unnecessary to achieve necessary reform. Hume was considered a Tory historian and emphasised religious differences more than constitutional issues.

Laird Okie explains that "Hume preached the virtues of political moderation, but Tory belief that the Stuarts were no more high-handed than their Tudor predecessors". The debate between Tory and the Whig historians can be seen in the initial reception to Hume's History of England. The whig-dominated world of overwhelmingly disapproved of Hume's take on English history.

In later editions of the book, Hume worked to "soften or expunge many villainous whig strokes which had crept into it. Hume did not consider himself a pure Tory. Beforehe was more akin to an "independent whig. Robert Roth argues that Hume's histories display his biases against Presbyterians and Puritans. Roth says his anti-Whig pro-monarchy position diminished the influence of his work, and that his emphasis on politics and religion led to a neglect of social and economic history.

Hume was an early cultural historian of science. His short biographies of leading scientists explored the process of scientific change. He developed new ways of seeing scientists in the context of their times by looking at how they interacted david hume biography resumen en society and each other. Hume particularly praised William Harveywriting about his treatise of the circulation of the blood: "Harvey is entitled to the glory of having made, by reasoning alone, without any mixture of accident, a capital discovery in one of the most important branches of science.

The History became a best-seller and made Hume a wealthy man who no longer had to take up salaried work for others. Bythere were at least 50 editions as well as abridgements for students, and illustrated pocket editions, probably produced specifically for women. Many of Hume's political ideas, such as limited governmentprivate property when there is scarcityand constitutionalismare first principles of liberalism.

If he is anything, he is a Hobbist. He also stresses throughout his political essays the importance of moderation in politics, public spirit, and regard to the community. Throughout the period of the American Revolution, Hume had varying views. For instance, in he encouraged total revolt on the part of the Americans. Inhe became certain that a revolution would take place and said that he believed in the American principle and wished the British government would let them be.

Hume's influence on some of the Founders can be seen in Benjamin Franklin 's suggestion at the Philadelphia Convention of that no high office in any branch of government should receive a salary, which is a suggestion Hume had made in his emendation of James Harrington 's Oceana. The legacy of religious civil war in 18th-century Scotland, combined with the relatively recent memory of the and Jacobite risings, had fostered in Hume a distaste for enthusiasm and factionalism.

These appeared to him to threaten the fragile and nascent political and social stability of a country that was deeply politically and religiously divided. However, he also clarified that a republic must produce laws, while "monarchy, when absolute, contains even something repugnant to law. Hume expressed suspicion of attempts to reform society in ways that departed from long-established custom, and he counselled peoples not to resist their governments except in cases of the most egregious tyranny.

The scholar Jerry Z. Muller argues that Hume's political thoughts have characteristics that later became typical for American and British conservatismwhich contain more positive views of capitalism than conservatism does elsewhere. American historian Douglass Adair has argued that Hume was a major inspiration for James Madison 's writings, and the essay " Federalist No.

Hume offered his view on the best type of society in an essay titled "Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth", which lays out what he thought was the best form of government. He hoped that "in some future age, an opportunity might be afforded of reducing the theory to practice, either by a dissolution of some old government, or by the combination of men to form a new one, in some distant part of the world".

He defended a strict separation of powersdecentralisationextending the franchise to anyone who held property of value and limiting the power of the clergy. The system of the Swiss militia was proposed as the best form of protection. Elections were to take place on an annual basis and representatives were to be unpaid. In the political analysis of philosopher George Holland Sabinethe scepticism of Hume extended to the doctrine of government by consent.

He notes that "allegiance is a habit enforced by education and consequently as much a part of human nature as any other motive. In the s, Hume was critical of British policies toward the American colonies and advocated for American independence. He wrote in that "our union with America…in the nature of things, cannot long subsist. However, he introduced several new ideas around which the "classical economics" of the 18th century was built.

This includes ideas on private propertyinflation, and foreign trade. In contrast to LockeHume believes that private property is not a natural right. Hume argues it is justified, because resources are limited. Private property would be an unjustified, "idle ceremonial," if all goods were unlimited and available freely. Perfect equality would thus lead to impoverishment.

David Hume anticipated modern monetarism. First, Hume contributed to the theory of quantity and of interest rate. Hume has been credited with being the first to prove that, on an abstract level, there is no quantifiable amount of nominal money that a country needs to thrive. He understood that there was a difference between nominal and real money.

Second, Hume has a theory of causation which fits in with the Chicago-school " black box " approach. According to Hume, cause and effect are related only through correlation. Hume shared the belief with modern monetarists that changes in the supply of money can affect consumption and investment. Lastly, Hume was a vocal advocate of a stable private sectorthough also having some non-monetarist aspects to his economic philosophy.

Having a stated preference for rising prices, for instance, Hume considered government debt to be a sort of substitute for actual money, referring to such debt as "a kind of paper credit. Hume's economic approach evidently resembles his other philosophies, in that he does not choose one side indefinitely, but sees gray in the situation [ ].

Due to Hume's vast influence on contemporary philosophy, a large number of approaches in contemporary philosophy and cognitive science are today called " Humean. The writings of Thomas Reida Scottish philosopher and contemporary of Hume, were often critical of Hume's scepticism. Reid formulated his common sense philosophy, in part, as a reaction against Hume's views.

Hume influenced, and was influenced by, the Christian philosopher Joseph Butler. Hume was impressed by Butler's way of thinking about religion, and Butler may well have been influenced by Hume's writings. Attention to Hume's philosophical works grew after the German philosopher Immanuel Kantin his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysicscredited Hume with awakening him from his "dogmatic slumber.

According to Arthur Schopenhauer"there is more to be learned from each page of David Hume than from the collected philosophical works of HegelHerbart and Schleiermacher taken together. Ayerwhile introducing his classic exposition of logical positivism inclaimed that his views were "the logical outcome of the empiricism of Berkeley and David Hume".

Albert Einsteininwrote that he was inspired by Hume's positivism when formulating his theory of special relativity. Hume's problem of induction was also of fundamental importance to the philosophy of Karl Popper. In his autobiography, Unended Questhe wrote: "Knowledge This way of looking at the problem made it possible for me to reformulate Hume's problem of induction.

Hume's rationalism in religious subjects influenced, via German-Scottish theologian Johann Joachim Spaldingthe German neology school and rational theologyand contributed to the transformation of German theology in the Age of Enlightenment. The "fact that Christianity is contrary to reason…is the necessary precondition for true faith. Inphilosopher Jerry Fodor described Hume's Treatise as "the founding document of cognitive science.

David hume biography resumen en: David Hume was a Scottish philosopher,

Hume engaged with contemporary intellectuals including Jean-Jacques RousseauJames Boswelland Adam Smith who acknowledged Hume's influence on his economics and political philosophy. Morris and Brown write that Hume is "generally regarded as one of the most important philosophers to write in English. In Septemberthe David Hume Tower, a University of Edinburgh building, was renamed to 40 George Square ; this was following a campaign led by students of the university to rename it, in objection to Hume's writings related to race.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist — For other people named David Hume, see David Hume disambiguation. Portrait by Allan Ramsay LawnmarketEdinburgh, Scotland.

New Town, EdinburghScotland. Scottish Enlightenment Humeanism Naturalism [ 1 ] Scepticism Empiricism Irreligion Foundationalism [ 2 ] Newtonianism [ 3 ] Conceptualism [ 4 ] Indirect david hume biography resumen en [ 5 ] Correspondence theory of truth [ 6 ] Moral sentimentalism. Early life [ edit ]. Career [ edit ]. Later life [ edit ]. Autobiography [ edit ].

Death [ edit ]. Writings [ edit ]. Impressions and ideas [ edit ]. Simple and complex [ edit ]. Principles of association [ edit ]. Induction and causation [ edit ]. Practical reason [ edit ]. Ethics [ edit ]. See also: is—ought problem. Aesthetics [ edit ]. Free will, determinism, and responsibility [ edit ]. Religion [ edit ]. Religious views [ edit ].

Design argument [ edit ]. Problem of miracles [ edit ]. Main article: Of Miracles. As a historian of England [ edit ]. Political theory [ edit ]. Key proponents. Hare Peter Singer. Types of utilitarianism. Key concepts. Demandingness objection Mere addition paradox Paradox of hedonism Replaceability argument Utility monster. Related topics.

Rational choice theory Game theory Neoclassical economics Population ethics Effective altruism. Contributions to economic thought [ edit ]. Legacy [ edit ]. Works [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. In modern parlance, demonstration may be termed deductive reasoningwhile probability may be termed inductive reasoning.

Millican, Peter. Hume, Induction and Probability. Leeds: University of Leeds. Archived from the original on 20 October Retrieved 6 June Hume Connecticut: Archon Books. Citations [ edit ]. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab. Retrieved 18 May Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 19 August David Hume and the culture of Scottish Newtonianism : methodology and ideology in Enlightenment inquiry.

ISBN OCLC In Zalta, Edward N. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Library Quarterly 36 April : 88— The Roots of Romanticism 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Hume reprint ed. London: Routledge. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 13 August Also available via Rutgers University. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

English Men of Letters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. History and the Enlightenment. Yale University Press. Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects 2. JSTOR Archived from the original on 2 December Retrieved 2 December Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original on 15 January Retrieved 1 June Mossner, eds.

New Letters of David Hume. Texas Studies in Literature and Language. Bristol: Thoemmes Press. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Bibliographical Society. The Scotsman. Retrieved 14 September The Herald Glasgow. Retrieved 25 January Scottish Affairs. S2CID A concise and genuine account of the dispute between Mr. Rousseau: with the letters that passed between them during their controversy.

Available in full text. Retrieved 19 May The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original PDF on 24 January Retrieved 14 November Australasian Journal of Philosophy. Journal of Scottish Philosophy. ISSN Pottle, eds. Boswell in Extremes, — New York, McGraw-Hill. New York: McGraw Hill. OL M. LCCN London: Thomas Cadell and Longman. A Treatise of Human Nature 1.

London: John Noon. A History of Philosophy 6. Lay summary via Google Books. Cognition and Commitment in Hume's Philosophy. Shane Drefcinski. US: University of Wisconsin—Platteville. Archived 9 May at the Wayback Machine. In Masterplots 4th ed. Ayerpp. Hume Studies. Archived from the original PDF on 17 June Retrieved 27 May Retrieved 29 April Hobartp.

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter ed. Fides et Historia. XXXV : 49— Also available: Full text and Liberty Fund edition. Hume's Religious Naturalism. University Press of America.

David hume biography resumen en: David Hume () — the

Hume's Essay on miracles. London : White. Retrieved 16 March John Eliot. Retrieved 16 March — via Google Books. Hume's Essay on miracles : Adams, William, — Library of Historical Apologetics. Retrieved 16 May Journal of the History of Ideas. Muller, ed. Princeton U. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Strauss, L. University of Chicago Press.

A History of Political Theory. US: Dryden Press. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. Opinion and Reform in Hume's Political Philosophy. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. The World as Will and Representation 2. Language, Truth and Logic. Penguin Books Limited. Retrieved 14 August Schulmann, A.

Fox, and J. Unended Quest; An Intellectual Autobiography. Systematic Theology. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Co. Alkier and H. David Hume und die Folgen " lecture. Beyond Myth and Enlightenment. Title translation : 'Religious Studies as Criticism of Religion? Penelhum, T. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing. B Stewart. London: Ashgate Publishing.

Philosophy Now Radio Show 34, hosted by G. Biography Online. Bibcode : Natur. Hume Variations. New York: Oxford University Press. Edinburgh News. Retrieved 18 September The Times. The Student. Archived from the original on 13 January Retrieved 30 September In Hume revised his essay "Of National Characters" by adding the following footnote: 'I am apt to suspect the negroes and in general all other species of men for there are four or five different kinds to be naturally inferior to the whites.

There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent either in action or speculation. No ingenious manufactures amongst them, no arts, no science En una partida de billar, cuando se dice que «la bola roja es causa del efecto de movimiento que vemos en la bola azul», esta frase, que es una idea compleja, tiene significado.

Al analizar sus ideas simples se ve que todas se corresponden con impresiones simples, excepto las palabras causa y efecto. Estas palabras son ideas aparentemente simples, pero de hecho son muy complejas. En es nombrado bibliotecario del Colegio de Abogados de Edimburgo. Si continuas navegandosignifica que aceptas el uso de las mismas.

Mas informacion Se considera ser el primero en exponer el problema de deducir oraciones normativas a partir de oraciones descriptivas ver Problema deber-ser. Fue el menor de tres hermanos. Sin embargo, en Londres sus Investigaciones sobre los principios de la moral se recibieron con indiferencia. En ella, Hume presentaba al hombre como una criatura de costumbres, predispuesto a someterse en silencio al gobierno establecido a menos que se enfrente a la incertidumbre.

A pesar de ello, se le denegaron muchos cargos por declararse ateo. Hume finalmente hace lo que le pide y la dama le ayuda a salir. Entra en el bote ahora mismo". Aunque en apariencia nuestro pensamiento tenga una libertad ilimitada, en realidad toda la creatividad de la mente se reduce a la facultad de mezclar, aumentar o disminuir, o combinar los materiales que nos dan los sentidos y la experiencia.

Todas aquellas cosas que imaginamos se derivan de una experiencia previa, ya sea interna o externa. Tal y como declara:. Mientras Locke acepta la existencia sustancias individuales y Berkeley solo las espirituales solo Dios y el david hume biography resumen enHume niega cualquier tipo de sustancia. Por ejemplo, comer papel de aluminio parece irracional.

Lo que en definitiva importa es como nos sentimos respecto a la conducta. El objeto de la moral pasiones, voliciones y acciones no es susceptible de ese acuerdo o desacuerdo entre las ideas sobre las que se basan lo verdadero y lo falso. Junto con Thomas HobbesHume es citado como un compatibilista. Hume llama a esta forma de toma de decisiones la libertad de la espontaneidad.

Sin embargo, el proto-utilitarismo de Hume es peculiar. En Of the Standard of TasteHume argumenta que no se pueden establecer reglas sobre lo que es un objeto de buen gusto. Hume estaba preocupado por la forma en que los espectadores encuentran placer en el dolor y la ansiedad representados en una tragedia. Puesto que solo podemos tener certeza de lo que experimentamos sensiblemente, no podemos tener certeza de la no existencia de algo.

En el mejor de los casos, cualquier testimonio de un milagro solo puede ser una probabilidad, pero no una prueba. Por ejemplo, William Adams comenta que "debe haber un curso ordinario de la naturaleza antes de que algo pueda ser extraordinario. Debe haber una corriente antes de que algo pueda ser interrumpido". En contraste, muchas de sus ideas como el gobierno limitadola propiedad privada cuando hay escasez y el constitucionalismoson los primeros principios del liberalismo.

Si es algo, es un hobbista ". Para Hume la propiedad privada no es un derecho naturalpero se justifica debido a la existencia de bienes limitados. Se puede dividir la vida de Hume en tres periodos. Contenidos mover a la barra lateral ocultar. Leer Editar Ver historial. Herramientas Herramientas. En otros proyectos. Primeras obras [ editar ].

Reconocimiento de su obra [ editar ]. Muerte [ editar ]. Empirismo [ editar ]. Ideas e impresiones [ editar ]. Los complejos son contrarios a estos, pudiendo distinguirse en partes. EHU, 5. Bundle theory y el yo [ editar ]. La moral excita las pasiones y produce o previene acciones. Emotivismo [ editar ]. Tratado de la naturaleza humanaDe las pasiones, De la Moral.

Las pasiones son tan contagiosas, que pasan con la mayor facilidad de una persona a otra, y producen movimientos correspondientes en todos los pechos humanos. Pero la mayor parte de la humanidad flota entre el vicio y la virtud. Problema del ser y el deber ser [ editar ]. Utilitarismo [ editar ]. De la Justicia. Tratado de la naturaleza humana.

Una mera compatibilidad posible no es suficiente. Problema de los milagros [ editar ]. Racismo [ editar ]. No existen entre ellos fabricantes ingeniosos, y no cultivan las artes ni las ciencias. En Jamaica se habla de un negro que es un hombre de talento.

David hume biography resumen en: David Hume, Scottish philosopher, historian,

Pero es probable que se le admire por logros menores, como a un loro que llega a pronunciar algunas palabras inteligibles. Obras [ editar ]. Legado [ editar ]. Reconocimientos [ editar ]. Notas [ editar ]. Consultado el 16 de febrero de