Biography of muhammad ghori history in tamil

Then came the most important battles of Tarain. This led Ghori to come into direct clash with Prithviraj Chauhan who was one of the most powerful Rajput rulers. Muhammad Ghori was defeated in the battle but managed to escape; the battle was completely won over by the Rajputs.

Biography of muhammad ghori history in tamil: The invasion of Muhammad

Muhammad Ghori went back to Ghazni and prepared his army for the next attack to avenge his defeat with more strategy and power this time. Prithviraj also organized the Hindu confederacy to resist Muhammad Ghori, but it was weaker this time. In CE, both armies met again on the same battlefield Tarain. The battles of Tarain are known as the turning point in Indian history as they opened the way for further conquests of India by the Muslims.

After the battle of Tarain, Muhammad appointed Qutubuddin Aibak, one of his slave generals, as the Viceroy of the Indian provinces. After successful campaigns, Muhammad rested the responsibility of consolidating the conquests in India on his Governor Qutubuddin Aibak. Muhammad-bin-Baktiyar Khilji, another general of Ghori, led a military expedition against Bihar and Bengal.

On his way back to Delhi, he was killed by an Arab Muslim fanatic of a rival sect who believed that Turks still stuck to their pagan practices from Central Asia and converted to Islam only for political or financial gains. Ghori was the true founder of Muslim rule in India as he conquered a large portion of Hindu lands and also retained them.

Muhammad Ghori came from humble beginnings than Mahmud Ghaznavi, but he was able to proclaim himself as ruler of Indian lands. He did not have offspring of his own, but he treated his Turkic slaves like his sons and proclaimed them his successors. Muhammad followed his victory by a large scale slaughter of the Khokhars. His armies also burnt down the forests where many of them took refuge while fleeing.

Iltutmish was rewarded for his gallantry against the Khokhars with a presentation of special robe of honour from Muhammad. According to Juzjani, Muhammad also manumitted Illtutmish, despite the fact that his master Aibak who purchased him originally was still a slave along with other senior slaves of Muhammad who were not manumitted until that point.

According to some sketchy accounts regarding the identity of Muhammad's assassins, claimed that the assassins were sent by Muhammad II of Khwarezm. However, the Khwarezmians already curbed the Ghurid ambition in Transoxiana after the Andkhud debacle and were not facing any potential danger from them. Hence, historian Mohammad Habib theorizes that this speculation that the Ismaili assassins were sent by the Khwarezmian Shah is unlikely to be correct.

Muhammad's assassins were probably sent by the Imam of Alamut whose castle he sacked during the Khurasan expedition. Some later accounts possibly with the genesis in the writing of Ferishta claimed that his assassins were Hindu Khokhars. In " Tarikh-i-Firishta ", he stated that "Twenty Khokhar infidels" who were cowed down by him earlier attacked his carvan and stabbed him with a " dagger ".

However, this account is not corroborated by the earlier authorities. The story of his assassination by the Khokhars is probably an invention of later times based on indirect evidences. Despite the debacle of Andhkhud and the successive plummet of their western frontier, Muhammad's empire at the time of his assassination still spread out as far as Herat in the west, Zamindawar Valley in the south and the Yasin Valley in the north-east.

Muhammad's only offspring was his daughter who died during his own lifetime. Notwithstanding, they still paid him a minimal tribute. Historian Iqtidar Alam Khan though, doubted that Aibak styled himself as the "Sultan" as it is not attested by the numismatic evidences. However, he was defeated and executed in by Iltutmish in Tarain. According to Juzjani's Tabaqat-i-Nasiri c.

He raised his slaves with affection and treated them as his sons and successors, after his despondency with his own Ghurid household in his later days. He further panegyrise Aibak for enduring the trust of his master. Muhammad, later also organized matrimonial alliances among the families of his slaves in accordance with the practise of endogamy.

Further, two daughters of Aibak were married to Qabacha. In popular traditions, when a courtier lamented that the Sultan Muhammad had no male heirs, he retorted:. During the dyarchy of Muhammad and his elder brother Ghiyath al-Din Muhammadthe Ghurids emerged as one of the major powers in the eastern Islamic world. During these years, their empire stretched from Gorgan in eastern present-day Iran to Lakhnauti in present-day Bangladesh and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to Sindh Pakistan.

The Ghurids similar to the Ghaznavids were unpopular among their subjects of the Khurasan. According to Juzjani, Muhammad imposed heavy taxes, plundered and seized the property in Tus for the expanses of his army, which was committed for the protection of a Imam's shrine. These events eventually turned the people belligerent towards the Ghurids who retaliated when Muhammad besieged Gurganz and militarily supported the besieged Khwarezmian Shah who as a result collected a hughe army of 70, which eventually forced Muhammad to relieve the siege and retreat before being cornered by the Qara Khitai forces.

The Ghor region, however, during his reign did prospered and became a leading centre of learning and culture. He also gave grants to various theologians like Maulana Fakharudin Razi who preached the Islamic teachings in the backward biographies of muhammad ghori history in tamil of the Ghurid empire. Muhammad also briefly contributed in the archietectural aspect of his region, chiefly constructing distinctive kind of Islamic glazed tiles in his capital Ghazni.

The circulation of coins from Muhammad's court in Ghazni aroundconfirming to the numismatic standards of the Islamic world, carried only Arabic calligraphy with the qalma and name of his sibling Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad along with his title on the obverse side of coin, whereas the reverse side of coin featured Muhammad's name and his title along with the title of Caliphate.

The radical shift to orthodoxy in the coinage is probably to propound their recent change of school from Karramiyya to the mainstream Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of Islam by Ghiyath al-Din and Muhammad respectively in order to embed themselves within cosmopolitan networks of the wider Islamic world and shed off their backward origin. The coins issued by Muhammad in northern India followed the Indian standards of weight and metallic purity.

Finbarr Barry Flood commented on the notion of continuity of the pre-conquest arrangements in the numismatics as a pragmatic measure of Ghurids to met the economic realities in northern India. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item.

Sultan of the Ghurid Sultanate c. Gold coin of Muhammad from Ghaznifor circulation in Central Asia and what is present-day Afghanistan. Ghazni present-day Afghanistan.

Biography of muhammad ghori history in tamil: 3 முகமது கஜினியின் கதை

Early life [ edit ]. Birth [ edit ]. Accession to the throne [ edit ]. Title [ edit ]. Invasion of India [ edit ]. Main article: Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor. Early invasions [ edit ]. South Asia CE. Main South Asian polities inon the eve of the Ghurid Empire invasion of the subcontinent orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests under Muhammad of Ghor from to Conquest of Punjab [ edit ].

Main article: Siege of Lahore First Battle of Tarain [ edit ]. Main article: First Battle of Tarain. Second Battle of Tarain [ edit ]. Main article: Second Battle of Tarain. Further campaigns [ edit ]. Conquest of Bayana [ edit ]. Main article: Siege of Gwalior Struggle in Central Asia [ edit ]. Later [ edit ]. Main article: Battle of Andkhud.

Final days [ edit ]. Campaign against Khokhars [ edit ]. Main article: Battle of Jhelum Assassination [ edit ]. Succession [ edit ]. Relations with slaves [ edit ]. Legacy [ edit ]. Memorials [ edit ]. Coins [ edit ]. Bull-and-horseman jital coins of Muhammad derived from the coinage of the Hindu Shahis. Popular culture [ edit ].

Notes [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN Tulaki was able to keep Prithviraj at bay for thirteen months. Varanasi: N. Getty Publications. And then, inQutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples.

Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary purpose was iconoclasm. Once the attack of Shihabuddin started, the king went to Thankar and camped there. After some time, he was forced to submit.

Biography of muhammad ghori history in tamil: துக்ளக்கின் வரலாறு | History of

Thereafter, noted Nizami, that centre of idolatry became the abode of [God's] glory, following the taking of the hitherto impregnable fortress and the defeat of the local ruler, Kunwarpal Kumarapalwhose life was spared. The administration of the fort and area around it was then conferred on Baha-ud-din Tughril by the Sultan. In a like manner, the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri records that Sultan Ghazi Muizzuddin conquered the fortress of Thankar [Tahangarh] in the country of Bayana, and after dealing with the Rai [i.

Raja], gave the governance of it into the hands of Baha-ud-din Tughril. The latter improved the condition of the land so much that merchants and men of credit came to it from many parts of Hindustan and Khorasan. To encourage them to settle, they were given houses and goods in the area.

Biography of muhammad ghori history in tamil: Prithiviraj vs Ghori Muhammad |

The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. As Dr. The objects of his distant expeditions were not temples but provinces. Habibullab regards Ghori as a practical statesman who took the fullest advantage of the rotten political structure of India.

After his victory over Prithviraj, instead of annexing Delhi and Ajmer to his territories, he handed over the administration of Delhi and Ajmer to the relatives of Prithviraj. Ghori did not change the status of those Hindu chiefs who accepted his suzerainty and did not interfere in their administration. Of course, he established forts in these territories.

Nizami puts stress on two qualities of Ghori i. It had been but a series of triumphant raids. Ghori had the art of selecting the best men for his services. He trained generals and administrators like Qutab-ud- din Aibak, who proved quite competent to maintain his empire.